Harsh Choksi, KES’ Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College
Introduction
Risley defines caste as a group of families sharing a common name, claiming descent from a mythical ancestor, and engaging in the same hereditary occupation. The Indian caste system is structured into four varnas, where the upper castes hold dominance and are considered superior. The Brahmins, positioned at the top, are distinguished by their alleged priority, knowledge of the Veda, and exclusive control over sacrificial practices. This perceived superiority justifies their social standing, as they assert precedence and claim exemption from the power dynamics governing others due to their superior knowledge and sole possession of sacrificial techniques.
The Indian caste system exhibits characteristics that perpetuate discrimination and social stratification, including the existence of sub-castes or jatis. Each sub-caste is associated with a specific occupation, exemplified by varying degrees among the upper castes, such as Tamil Brahmins and Tanjore Brahmins. Societal adherence to a rigid set of rules and barriers is crucial, and failure to comply results in exclusion from both the caste and one's own family.
In such a system, society is marked by the division into numerous hereditary groups, hierarchically arranged and mutually opposed. It does not tolerate the principles of social mobility, mixing of groups, or changing occupations. Non-compliance with these established rules and practices leads to exclusion from both the caste structure and familial bonds.
Origin of Caste System 1
The origin of the caste system in India is complex, with various factors and theories contributing to its emergence. Traditional, political, religious, and biological theories provide distinct perspectives. According to the religious theory, Brahma created the castes, while the political theory suggests Brahmins sought power consolidation. Customs and religious influence also played a significant role, elevating individuals like kings and Brahmins in society. The caste system in India originated from the assignment of diverse tasks in the ruler's administration and was further shaped by dietary restrictions. According to the biological theory, individuals inherit one of three categories (Gunas) – Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas – influencing temperamental differences and occupational choices. Sattva represents positive traits, Rajas signifies passion, and Tamas reflects negative qualities. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas are associated with Sattva and Rajas, while Shudras are linked to Tamas.
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