Meenakshi Sheoran, LLB, Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi
Abstract:
The practice of manual scavenging, which is deeply rooted in India, entails the manual extraction of human waste and sewage, primarily carried out by individuals from marginalized caste groups. This research paper examines the complex struggle against manual scavenging, with the objective of eradicating discriminatory practices and promoting the preservation of human dignity.
This study examines the legal framework that has been put in place to address the issue of manual scavenging, which includes the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013. The aforementioned legislative measures serve to criminalize the act in question and establish provisions for the rehabilitation and welfare of individuals engaged in manual scavenging. Moreover, the study examines the rehabilitation programs implemented by governmental entities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society organizations. These programs prioritize the provision of alternative livelihood opportunities, skill enhancement training, and financial assistance to empower individuals who have been impacted. The paper additionally investigates initiatives that aim to enhance education, housing, healthcare, and social welfare provisions for communities impacted by the issue at hand.
This paper examines the significance of awareness campaigns and sensitization initiatives in addressing social stigma and promoting inclusive mindsets. These programs seek to foster societal awareness regarding the illegality and inhumane nature of manual scavenging, with the goal of influencing societal attitudes and advancing the principles of equal rights for all individuals.
Technological advancements and infrastructure development are crucial factors in combating the practice of manual scavenging. This study examines the utilization of contemporary sanitation technologies, including sewer- cleaning machines, septic tank cleaning devices, and biogas plants, with the objective of diminishing dependence on manual labor and mitigating associated health hazards.
The study additionally emphasizes the significance of surveillance and regulatory measures in order to guarantee the successful execution of legislation and policies. This analysis focuses on the examination of vigilance committees, regular inspections, and penalties for non-compliance as crucial measures for ensuring accountability.
Despite some advancements, there are ongoing obstacles that continue to exist in various forms, such as insufficient data availability, societal prejudices, economic deprivation, and the continued prevalence of unhygienic dry latrines in certain regions. The study emphasizes the necessity of continuous cooperation among governmental bodies, civil society groups, impacted communities, and the broader populace in order to address these obstacles and safeguard the dignity and entitlements of every individual, regardless of their caste or occupation.
The primary objective of this extensive research paper is to make a scholarly contribution to the ongoing efforts aimed at combatting manual scavenging. This will be achieved by providing a detailed analysis of the various initiatives, policies, and societal transformations that are imperative for the eradication of this degrading practice. Furthermore, the paper seeks to foster the development of a more inclusive and equitable society within the context of India.
Keywords: Manual Scavenging, Rehabilitation Programs, Caste-based Discrimination, Sanitation Technologies, Legal Framework and Enforcement, Social Sensitization and Awareness
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