Jaidev Narasimha, School of Law, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore
ABSTRACT
This paper provides a constitutional analysis of political manifestos, with a particular focus on their impact on free and fair elections in India. The role of political manifestos as instruments of voter engagement and electoral strategy is analysed through the lens of the doctrine of legitimate expectation and promissory estoppel to examine their enforceability. Recent judgements including Najma v. Government of NCT of Delhi and the Karnataka High Court’s ruling on Congress’s 2023 “5 Guarantees,” are discussed to illustrate the evolving judicial stance on governance accountability. The paper also highlights the limitations of current legal frameworks, especially under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and the Election Commission’s Model Code of Conduct- which fail to hold political parties legally responsible for unfulfilled promises. By comparing international approaches, such as those in Mexico and Bhutan, the paper suggests potential reforms that could increase transparency, accountability, and the enforceability of manifestos. Such measures would result in the strengthening the democratic process in India and promote free and fair elections.
Keywords: Political Manifestos, Free and Fair Elections, Legitimate Expectation, Promissory Estoppel, Election Commission, Accountability, Electoral Promises
